Fetching details from the dictionary...

to take (seat, position, course, office, etc.); to assume; to be hired; to be employed
to ascend (the throne); to accede
to start (on a journey); to commence; to depart
to study (under teacher); to be an apprentice
新しい職に就くことになりました。
I will take on a new position.
新しい王が王位に就く。
The new king ascends to the throne.
大学卒業後、彼は教師の職に就いた。
He is employed as a teacher.